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<body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Input-Output-Analyse rootpage-Input-Output-Analyse skin-vector-2022 action-view">
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Input-Output-Analyse</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Der Begriff <b>Input-Output-Analyse</b> bezeichnet verschiedene Methoden zur Ermittlung der Funktionalität und Leistungsparameter von Systembausteinen in technischen, ökonomischen und sozialen Systemen.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Black_Box_Schema">Black Box Schema</h2></div>
<p>Ein Ansatz zu „Input-Output-Analysen“ beruht auf Erkenntnissen aus der <a href="Systemtheorie" title="Systemtheorie">Systemtheorie</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Kybernetik" title="Kybernetik">Kybernetik</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oder <a href="Regelungstechnik" title="Regelungstechnik">Regelungstechnik</a>, die die Komplexität systeminterner Zusammenhänge durch Bestimmung geeigneter, als <a href="Black_Box_(Systemtheorie)" title="Black Box (Systemtheorie)">Black-Boxes</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bezeichnete Systemelemente vereinfachen und berechenbar machen. Dabei kommen Berechnungsmodelle aus der <a href="Boolesche_Algebra" title="Boolesche Algebra">Booleschen Algebra</a> und die <a href="Entscheidungstabelle" title="Entscheidungstabelle">Entscheidungstabellentechnik</a> zum Einsatz.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leontief-Modell">Leontief-Modell</h2></div>
<p>Die „Input-Output-Analyse“ nach <a href="Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Wassily Leontief</a> –&nbsp;auch <i>Einsatz-Ausstoß-Analyse</i>, oder <i>Einsatz-Ausstoß-Zerlegung</i>&nbsp;– ist ein Verfahren der empirischen <a href="Wirtschaftsforschung" class="mw-redirect" title="Wirtschaftsforschung">Wirtschaftsforschung</a>, das zur <a href="Mikro%C3%B6konomie" title="Mikroökonomie">mikroökonomischen</a> Analyse <a href="Volkswirtschaftslehre" title="Volkswirtschaftslehre">volkswirtschaftlicher</a> Zusammenhänge dient, das aber auch in IT-gestützten betriebswirtschaftlichen Anwendungen eingesetzt wird. Sie wurde als mathematisches Modell ursprünglich von Wassily Leontief entwickelt, der dafür den <a href="Wirtschaftsnobelpreis" class="mw-redirect" title="Wirtschaftsnobelpreis">Wirtschaftsnobelpreis</a> erhielt.
</p><p>Grundlage der Input-Output-Analyse ist eine <a href="#Input-Output-Tabelle">Input-Output-Tabelle</a>. In ihr werden –&nbsp;nach <a href="Wirtschaftszweig" title="Wirtschaftszweig">Wirtschaftszweigen</a> oder auch auf <a href="Betrieb" title="Betrieb">Betriebsebene</a> untergliedert&nbsp;– die geplanten <a href="Produktion" title="Produktion">Produktionsgüter</a> mit den einzusetzenden Vorprodukten und <a href="Produktionsfaktor" title="Produktionsfaktor">Produktionsfaktoren</a> (Inputseite) und gleichzeitig die variablen Produktionsergebnisse im Zusammenhang mit der voraussichtlichen Verwendung der produzierten Mengen (Outputseite) dargestellt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Input-Output-Tabelle">Input-Output-Tabelle</h3></div>
<p>In der vereinfachten Darstellung sieht eine Input-Output-Tabelle wie folgt aus.
</p>
<table>

<tbody><tr>
<td style="background:#FF7D7D"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{1,1}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{1,1}}</annotation>
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</td>
<td style="background:#FF7D7D"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{1,2}}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mi>a</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{1,2}}</annotation>
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</td>
<td style="background:#FF7D7D">…
</td>
<td style="background:#FF7D7D"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{1,n}}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{1,n}}</annotation>
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<td style="background:#A34A9D"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{1}}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{1}}</annotation>
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</td>
<td style="background:#A34A9D"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{1}}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{1}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/03f18d041b2df30adef07164dbf285878893dedc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.077ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td style="background:#A34A9D"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{1}}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{1}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f70b2694445a5901b24338a2e7a7e58f02a72a32.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.979ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span>
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<td style="background:#A34A9D"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -M_{1}}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -M_{1}}</annotation>
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</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#FF7D7D"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{2,1}}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
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</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{2,1}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b655ac291931eff0d58bfd90da75862c6dcec4da.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.563ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{2,1}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td style="background:#FF7D7D"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{2,2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{2,2}}</annotation>
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</td>
<td style="background:#FF7D7D">…
</td>
<td style="background:#FF7D7D"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{2,n}}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{2,n}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8af484396356b01219a0c927a08ffd0fb4271529.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.728ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{2,n}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td style="background:#A34A9D"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{2}}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{2}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7ec545f7870665e1028b7492746848d149878808.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.716ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>
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<td style="background:#A34A9D"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{2}}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{2}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5e3506ae39df854f347365bae6f326ef4f565be5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.077ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>
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<td style="background:#A34A9D"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{2}}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{2}}</annotation>
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<td style="background:#A34A9D"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -M_{2}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -M_{2}}</annotation>
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</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#FF7D7D">…
</td>
<td style="background:#FF7D7D">…
</td>
<td style="background:#FF7D7D">
</td>
<td style="background:#FF7D7D">…
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<td style="background:#A34A9D">…
</td>
<td style="background:#A34A9D">…
</td>
<td style="background:#A34A9D">…
</td>
<td style="background:#A34A9D">…
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#FF7D7D"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{n,1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{n,1}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6626af368e60fa87d5dd7cded4807e98445daec3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.728ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{n,1}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td style="background:#FF7D7D"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{n,2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{n,2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a849458e97e2438cfbe8c501c8afd094cb52b931.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.728ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{n,2}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td style="background:#FF7D7D">…
</td>
<td style="background:#FF7D7D"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{n,n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{n,n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/76597dcfb6873698335b6f513e62f65eec045692.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.892ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{n,n}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td style="background:#A34A9D"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0301812adb392070d834ca2df4ed97f1cf132f33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.88ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td style="background:#A34A9D"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aba34f081d776e30204f3458e4f50b403b09e5c6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.242ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td style="background:#A34A9D"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72a8564cedc659cf2f95ae68bc5de2f5207a3285.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.143ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td style="background:#A34A9D"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -M_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -M_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5015d3c1b490494898cf468a942fa047b7f5655b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.281ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -M_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#E8FFC0"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0e79dc1b001f8b923df475ed14de023cbc456013.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.637ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td style="background:#E8FFC0"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c6a952cfe42c86b7741f55a817da0e251793a358.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.637ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td style="background:#E8FFC0">…
</td>
<td style="background:#E8FFC0"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ebec334cb04f246db1139e2ca6be0b957d2ef520.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.801ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#E8FFC0"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>K</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8520077dbcf03c2aabefd98d41a2269ed41a54fa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.027ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td style="background:#E8FFC0"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>K</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/57e1b324cf5b68f2729a8634ff76e396b634b75d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.027ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td style="background:#E8FFC0">…
</td>
<td style="background:#E8FFC0"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>K</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ea2b988ea630d2c5571afe47efa3d3b251708acb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.192ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#E8FFC0"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5bf84e7fd4fb8259a9b37f956afdf83ee2a020f9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.479ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td style="background:#E8FFC0"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1143e284d5f25cef778ab482edf6617a523ddd9f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.479ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td style="background:#E8FFC0">…
</td>
<td style="background:#E8FFC0"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9f049ac28d4ac8097b625f9d71c1f22b2ebd1bc4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.643ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#E8FFC0"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>D</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e7714158afb63a98e7dbc6e885f70d9141c6923a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.979ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td style="background:#E8FFC0"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>D</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/41b3839c40bd06e3dfea10798dfab41a905af256.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.979ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td style="background:#E8FFC0">…
</td>
<td style="background:#E8FFC0"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>D</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0fe03857347bf517e7fbda4085b0dafd6018cf18.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.143ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Mit den Indizes 1 bis n sind darin verschiedene Sektoren gekennzeichnet (zum Beispiel Landwirtschaft, Nahrungsmittelindustrie, Bankgewerbe etc.).
</p>
<ul><li>Der <b>rot</b> gekennzeichnete Teil der Tabelle enthält die <b>Vorleistungsverflechtungen</b>. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{1,2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{1,2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b5af437e48bc8be86dca7ffc1009dcba3bdaee18.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.563ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{1,2}}" loading="lazy"></span> steht darin für die Lieferungen des Sektors 1 (zum Beispiel der Landwirtschaft) an den Sektor 2 (z.&nbsp;B. die Nahrungsmittelindustrie).</li>
<li>Der <b>violett</b> gekennzeichnete Teil enthält die Lieferungen der Sektoren an <b>Endnachfrager</b>, also von Konsumgütern (C), Investitionsgütern (I) und Exportgütern (X). Da sowohl in den Vorleistungen als auch in den Lieferungen an die Endnachfrage importierte Güter enthalten sind, werden am Ende der Zeile die Importe pauschal abgezogen.</li>
<li>Der <b>grün</b> markierte Teil enthält die <b>Wertschöpfung</b> der Sektoren (sogenannte <i>primäre Inputs</i>), und zwar Arbeit (L), Kapitaleinkünfte (K), Abschreibungen (D) und die indirekten Steuern abzüglich der Subventionen (S).</li></ul>
<p>In den <b>Zeilen</b> der Input-Output-Tabelle findet man die Information, wofür die Produktion (der <b>Output</b>) eines jeden Sektors verwendet wird. In den <b>Spalten</b> kann man ablesen, welche Vorprodukte und Produktionsfaktoren, also welche <b>Inputs</b> man für die Produktion benötigt. Die Summe aller Werte in einer Zeile muss der Summe der Werte in der entsprechenden Spalte übereinstimmen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Produktionstheoretische_Annahmen_der_Analyse">Produktionstheoretische Annahmen der Analyse</h3></div>
<p>Die Spalten einer Input-Output-Tabelle kann man als <a href="Produktionsfunktion" title="Produktionsfunktion">Produktionsfunktion</a> interpretieren, da sie angeben, welche Einsatzstoffe und primären Inputs (Arbeit, Kapital in Form von z.&nbsp;B. Maschinen) benötigt werden, um eine Einheit des betreffenden Gutes herzustellen. Bei der Input-Output-Analyse unterstellt man dabei, dass diese Produktionsfaktoren in einem festen Einsatzverhältnis zueinander stehen, eine sog. linear-limitationale Produktionsfunktion (<a href="Leontief-Produktionsfunktion" title="Leontief-Produktionsfunktion">Leontief-Produktionsfunktion</a>). Dabei ist der Inputfaktor <a href="Arbeit_(Philosophie)#Spätes_20._und_21._Jahrhundert" title="Arbeit (Philosophie)">Arbeit</a> in kurzer Frist der einzige variable Produktionsfaktor, da üblicherweise der Kapitalstock und andere Einflussfaktoren wie die Betriebsgröße als konstant angenommen werden.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Der Produktionsfaktor <a href="Boden_(Produktionsfaktor)" title="Boden (Produktionsfaktor)">Boden</a> wird i.&nbsp;d.&nbsp;R. nicht einbezogen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satelliten-Systeme_zur_Input-Output-Tabelle">Satelliten-Systeme zur Input-Output-Tabelle</h3></div>
<p>Da die reine Input-Output-Tabelle weder Arbeit noch <a href="Boden_(Produktionsfaktor)" title="Boden (Produktionsfaktor)">Boden</a> enthält, gibt es sogenannte Satelliten-Systeme, die als zusätzliche Zeilen unterhalb der Input-Output-Tabelle geschrieben werden. Hier finden sich dann Beschäftigungszahlen (ggf. getrennt nach selbständig und nicht selbständig) sowie Kapitalstock und ökologische Faktoren (bspw. Ausstoß an CO<sub>2</sub>).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_Input-Output-Analyse_als_Instrument_des_Stoffstrommanagements">Die Input-Output-Analyse als Instrument des Stoffstrommanagements</h3></div>
<p>Die Input-Output-Analyse wird auch als Instrument innerhalb des Stoffstrommanagements verwendet. Sie dient zur Ermittlung von betrieblichen Kennzahlen. Hierzu werden die aus einem definierten System (dies kann ein Prozess oder auch ein kompletter Betrieb sein) austretenden Stoffmengen (=Output) wie beispielsweise Produkte, Abfall, Abwasser, Emissionen etc. ins Verhältnis mit den eintretenden Stoffmengen (=Input) wie Rohstoffe, Hilfsstoffe, Energiezufuhr etc. gesetzt.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><i>Beispiel:</i> Betriebliche <a href="Abfallquote" title="Abfallquote">Abfallquote</a>[%] = Abfall [t]/(Rohstoffe [t] + Hilfsstoffe [t])*100
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matrixdarstellung">Matrixdarstellung</h3></div>
<p>Die folgenden <a href="Matrix_(Mathematik)" title="Matrix (Mathematik)">Matrizen</a> und <a href="Vektor" title="Vektor">Vektoren</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x={\begin{pmatrix}x_{1}\\\vdots \\x_{4}\end{pmatrix}};\qquad c={\begin{pmatrix}c_{1}\\\vdots \\c_{4}\end{pmatrix}};}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>⋮<!-- ⋮ --></mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>;</mo>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>⋮<!-- ⋮ --></mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>;</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x={\begin{pmatrix}x_{1}\\\vdots \\x_{4}\end{pmatrix}};\qquad c={\begin{pmatrix}c_{1}\\\vdots \\c_{4}\end{pmatrix}};}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d804430b26eed96927beefddc759d54d48c882e1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.671ex; width:28.941ex; height:10.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x={\begin{pmatrix}x_{1}\\\vdots \\x_{4}\end{pmatrix}};\qquad c={\begin{pmatrix}c_{1}\\\vdots \\c_{4}\end{pmatrix}};}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E={\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;0&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;1&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;1&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;1\end{pmatrix}};\qquad A={\begin{pmatrix}a_{11}&amp;\cdots &amp;a_{14}\\\vdots &amp;\ddots &amp;\vdots \\a_{41}&amp;\cdots &amp;a_{44}\end{pmatrix}};}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>;</mo>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>11</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>14</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>⋮<!-- ⋮ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋱<!-- ⋱ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋮<!-- ⋮ --></mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>41</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>44</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>;</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E={\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;0&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;1&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;1&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;1\end{pmatrix}};\qquad A={\begin{pmatrix}a_{11}&amp;\cdots &amp;a_{14}\\\vdots &amp;\ddots &amp;\vdots \\a_{41}&amp;\cdots &amp;a_{44}\end{pmatrix}};}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/798a0b3f2f06dc46609dcd2d83a78e47fbdc2b66.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.671ex; width:51.132ex; height:12.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E={\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;0&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;1&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;1&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;1\end{pmatrix}};\qquad A={\begin{pmatrix}a_{11}&amp;\cdots &amp;a_{14}\\\vdots &amp;\ddots &amp;\vdots \\a_{41}&amp;\cdots &amp;a_{44}\end{pmatrix}};}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>seien der Vektor des Gesamtoutputs <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span>, der Vektor der Endnachfrage <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}" loading="lazy"></span>, die <a href="Einheitsmatrix" title="Einheitsmatrix">Einheitsmatrix</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span>, die Input-Output-Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die Koeffizienten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{ij}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{ij}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ebea6cd2813c330c798921a2894b358f7b643917.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.707ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{ij}}" loading="lazy"></span> der Input-Output-Matrix geben an, wie viel von Input <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e87000dd6142b81d041896a30fe58f0c3acb2158.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.129ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> benötigt wird, um eine Einheit von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{j}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{j}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5db47cb3d2f9496205a17a6856c91c1d3d363ccd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.239ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{j}}" loading="lazy"></span> zu produzieren. Ein Teil des Gesamtoutputs <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> geht also als Input ein in die Produktion anderer Outputs (Vorleistungen), ein anderer Teil verbleibt als Endnachfrage <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}" loading="lazy"></span>. Es gilt folgendes <a href="Lineares_Gleichungssystem" title="Lineares Gleichungssystem">lineare Gleichungssystem</a>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}Ax+c&amp;=&amp;x\\(E-A)x&amp;=&amp;c\\x&amp;=&amp;(E-A)^{-1}c\end{matrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>x</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>c</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>x</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>c</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}Ax+c&amp;=&amp;x\\(E-A)x&amp;=&amp;c\\x&amp;=&amp;(E-A)^{-1}c\end{matrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/89843a2d2351cc978f2d776710ac738760563fae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.171ex; width:28.211ex; height:9.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}Ax+c&amp;=&amp;x\\(E-A)x&amp;=&amp;c\\x&amp;=&amp;(E-A)^{-1}c\end{matrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>vorausgesetzt die Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (E-A)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (E-A)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5c1e19b6d572556632ab034a03d322f4498670b2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.168ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (E-A)}" loading="lazy"></span> ist <a href="Regul%C3%A4re_Matrix" title="Reguläre Matrix">invertierbar</a>.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}Ax\end{matrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}Ax\end{matrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/677a4d40681979a1c68b45e55d42c9d20c291e7f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.824ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}Ax\end{matrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span> gibt an, was von der Gesamtproduktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> für die Produktion von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> selbst als Vorleistung benötigt wird.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Energie-_und_Stoffstrommanagement" title="Energie- und Stoffstrommanagement">Energie- und Stoffstrommanagement</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="J%C3%B6rg_Baetge" title="Jörg Baetge">Jörg Baetge</a>: <i>Grundlagen der Wirtschafts- und Sozialkybernetik: Betriebswirtschaftliche Kontrolltheorie</i>. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden 1975, ISBN 978-3-531-11198-8 (= Moderne Lehrtexte: Wirtschaftswissenschaften).</li>
<li>Johannes Fresner, Thomas Bürki, Henning H. Sittel: <i>Ressourceneffizienz in der Produktion – Kosten senken durch Cleaner Production.</i> Symposion Publishing, Düsseldorf 2009, ISBN 978-3-939707-48-6.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Wirtschaft/Volkswirtschaftliche-Gesamtrechnungen-Inlandsprodukt/Tabellen/innlandsprodukt-input-ouptrechnung.html">Input-Output-Tabelle der inländischen Produktion und Importe zu Herstellungspreisen 2019 (Revision 2019) in Milliarden Euro.</a> Statistisches Bundesamt.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Niklas Luhmann</a>: <i>Soziale Systeme. Grundriss einer allgemeinen Theorie.</i> 12. Auflage. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 2006, ISBN 3-518-28266-2.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Georg_Klaus" title="Georg Klaus">Georg Klaus</a>, <a href="Heinz_Liebscher_(Philosoph)" title="Heinz Liebscher (Philosoph)">Heinz Liebscher</a>: <i>Was ist, was soll Kybernetik?</i> Urania-Verlag, Leipzig 1966 (1. bis 9. Auflage 1974). <a href="W._Ross_Ashby" title="W. Ross Ashby">W. Ross Ashby</a>: <i>Einführung in die Kybernetik.</i> Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1974.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eckhard Geitz, <a href="Christian_Vater_(Philosoph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Vater (Philosoph)">Christian Vater</a>, Silke Zimmer-Merkle: <i>Black Boxes. Bausteine und Werkzeuge zu ihrer Analyse. Einleitung.</i> In: Dieselben (Hrsg.): <i>Black Boxes – Versiegelungskontexte und Öffnungsversuche. Interdisziplinäre Perspektiven</i>. De Gruyter, Berlin u.&nbsp;a. 2020, ISBN 978-3-11-069979-1, S. 3–18 (= Materiale Textkulturen. Band 31); <a href="https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110701319" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1515/9783110701319">doi:10.1515/9783110701319</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/title/578717">degruyter.com</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierre Cahuc, André Zylberberg: <i>Labor Economics.</i> MIT Press, Cambridge 2004, S.&nbsp;172, ISBN 0-262-03316-X.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Johannes Fresner, Thomas Bürki, Henning H. Sittel: <i>Ressourceneffizienz in der Produktion – Kosten senken durch Cleaner Production.</i> Symposion Publishing, Düsseldorf 2009, ISBN 978-3-939707-48-6, 2009, S. 65–70.</span>
</li>
</ol>
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